自然存在的放射性物质 (NORM) 在能源生产部门:暴露,有效剂量和监管挑战
Jelena Mrdakovic Popic1, Nathalie Vanhoudt2, Gennaro Venoso3
1Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), Grini Næringspark 13, Østerås, Norway.
Environment international
|December 4, 2025
概括
本研究提供了欧洲能源部门自然存在的放射性材料 (NORM) 的比较概述,确定了常见的辐射风险和管理挑战. 这些发现旨在协调NORM法规,并支持制定NORM法规的国家.
科学领域:
- 环境科学 环境科学
- 核科学 核科学 核科学
- 工业安全 工业安全 工业安全
背景情况:
- 自然存在的放射性材料 (NORM) 在石油/天然气,煤炭和地热等能源部门构成辐射风险. 现有的评估是分散的,是针对特定部门的.
- 缺乏对各种能源行业的NORM问题,包括其来源,途径和风险的全面概述.
- 在RadoNorm项目中收集了欧洲数据,以确定这些工业环境中的NORM风险的共同点.
研究的目的:
- 提供与NORM相关的辐射保护方面的比较定性和定量评估.
- 分析整个能源生产过程中的NORM问题,从原材料采购到废物管理.
- 支持NORM管理和监管框架的国际协调.
主要方法:
- 来自RadoNorm项目欧洲数据的比较分析.
- 辐射保护方面的定性和定量评估.
- 在石油/天然气,煤炭和地热行业评估NORM路径,风险和管理策略.
主要成果:
- 在源自原始放射性核酸的辐射风险中确定了共同点 (例如,226,228Ra,228Th,222Rn,210Pb,210Po).
- 在各种材料中发现NORM,如,污泥和产水,对工人,公众和环境有不同的暴露途径.
- 对不同能源部门的NORM管理,监管控制和挑战进行比较评估.
结论:
- 该研究强调了能源部门共同的NORM挑战和风险,需要对辐射保护采取协调一致的方法.
- 调查结果为改善工业运营,退役和遗留场地管理的决策提供了基础.
- 该研究为开发NORM表征和立法的国家提供了有价值的见解.
相关概念视频
02:59Biological Effects of Radiation
17.6K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.6K
02:36Nuclear Power
9.3K
Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
9.3K
02:48Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating
36.8K
Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
36.8K
01:28Isotopes and Radioisotopes
10.9K
In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing...
An isotope containing...
10.9K
03:23Types of Radioactivity
19.3K
The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
19.3K
02:50Nuclear Fission
12.2K
Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
12.2K