儿童如何将因果动词映射到整个发育过程中的不同原因
David Rose1, Siying Zhang2, Shaun Nichols3
1Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. davdrose@stanford.edu.
Nature human behaviour
|December 5, 2025
概括
孩子们学会将有关原因的语言与事件发生的方式联系起来. 四岁的孩子可以区分直接的行为和间接的原因,很早就能理解因果关系.
科学领域:
- 认知心理学 认知心理学
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
- 语言学的语言学.
- 因果关系的哲学.
背景情况:
- 因果关系理论往往侧重于直接的身体接触.
- 人类对因果关系的理解超出了直接相互作用的范围.
- 语言和概念化原因之间的关系还没有完全被理解.
研究的目的:
- 研究儿童如何学会将因果关系的语言表达式映射到不同类型的原因.
- 检查理解"引起"的发展与描述直接行动的动词.
- 探索儿童对因果缺席的理解.
主要方法:
- 在三个实验中测试了691名儿童和270名成年人.
- 实验1:在4岁的儿童中,评估了"引起"到远端原因的映射和"破坏"到近端原因的映射.
- 实验2和3:研究了4岁儿童的"导致"缺席的映射,以及他们使用与缺席相关的解释.
主要成果:
- 四岁的孩子正确地将"引起"映射到远端原因和动作动词,如"断裂"到近端原因.
- 在这个年龄段的孩子还没有将"原因"与因果缺席进行映射.
- 然而,4岁的孩子在解释结果时确实使用了与缺席相关的术语 ("为什么"问题).
结论:
- 儿童对因果关系的理解是通过将语言映射到事件类型来发展的.
- 语义和务实因素在获得这些因果映射方面发挥着至关重要的作用.
- 直接和间接的因果关系以及缺席的作用之间的区别在不同的发育阶段出现.
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