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相关概念视频

Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

5.5K
The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

4.3K
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
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Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Published on: February 25, 2021

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基于模型推断尼安德特人的上脊椎运动.

Carlos Aurelio Palancar1, Markus Bastir2, Benoit Beyer3

  • 1Group of Paleoanthropology, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain, palancar.carlos@gmail.com.

Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS
|December 9, 2025
PubMed
概括

这项研究使用PMA和预测建模来评估尼安德特人部的移动性. 这些发现表明,尼安德特人与现代人相似的部脊椎 (UCS) 曲延伸,挑战了以前的假设.

关键词:
曲-延伸 曲-延伸 在流动性 流动性 流动性尼安德特人 尼安德特人一个子,一个子.运动范围的范围.

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Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
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Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates

Published on: September 17, 2019

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相关实验视频

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Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
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Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
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科学领域:

  • 古人类学古人类学.
  • 功能性形态学 功能性形态学
  • 生物力学 生物力学

背景情况:

  • 之前的假设表明,基于形态学,尼安德特人部移动性减少.
  • 化石动力学的直接测量是不可能的.

研究的目的:

  • 为了说明Procrustes运动分析 (PMA) 与研究化石功能形态学的预测建模相结合的潜力.
  • 为了建模和比较La Ferrassie 1尼安德特人和现代人类的上椎 (UCS) 屈曲-延伸动力学.

主要方法:

  • 利用了拉费拉西的3D虚拟形态 1 尼安德特人和现代人类标本 (头底部,C1,C2).
  • 应用PMA分析现代人类的形状-运动关系,以构建一个预测模型.
  • 将预测模型应用于尼安德特人UCS形态,以推断潜在的运动轨迹.

主要成果:

  • 对于La Ferrassie 1的推断屈曲延伸轨迹在统计学上与现代人类样本相比较.
  • 基于基于模型的结果,对尼安德特人部运动减少的质疑假设.
  • 在尼安德特人标本和现代人类之间,UCS flexion-extension没有显著差异.

结论:

  • 与预测建模集成的Procrustes运动分析 (PMA) 是古人类学功能形态学的强有力的工具.
  • 这项研究提供了一个新的框架,用于使用经验数据和预测建模来研究人类运动学.
  • 尼安德特人的上椎 (UCS) 屈曲-延伸动力学被预测与现代人类相似.