儿童和成年人可以暂停关于对象和代理人的核心原则,因为在屏幕上有一小部分反证据
Rongzhi Liu1,2, Fei Xu3
1Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States. rongzhi@uchicago.edu.
Scientific reports
|December 13, 2025
概括
人类学习者,无论是儿童还是成年人,在显示即使是最小的反证据时,都可以放弃关于对象永久性和代理行为的核心信念. 这表明了显著的学习灵活性,挑战了先天的知识假设.
科学领域:
- 认知科学 认知科学
- 发展心理学 发展心理学
- 人类学习 人类学习
背景情况:
- 人类和动物从统计证据中学习,并可以通过新信息覆盖以前的信念.
- 引导婴儿推理的核心原则包括对象坚固性和代理效率.
- 这些核心原则在人类学习者中的灵活性仍然是一个悬而未决的问题.
研究的目的:
- 调查人类儿童和成年人是否可以暂停基本的身体和心理原则.
- 确定改变这些核心信念所需的反证据的数量.
- 为了比较物理与心理原则对反证据的易感性.
主要方法:
- 12项实验与成年人 (N=209个身体,N=189个心理) 和4-6岁的儿童 (N=96个身体,N=96个心理) 进行.
- 参与者展示了基于屏幕的反证据,这些反证据挑战了核心的物理 (物体持久性) 和心理 (代理效率) 原则.
- 反证实案例的数量在每个原则上从3到6个不等.
主要成果:
- 成人和儿童都在接受3-6个反证据时暂停了核心的身体和心理原则.
- 反直觉的原则更容易被接受和一般化为心理比物理概念.
- 学习者表现出一种显著的能力,能够覆盖深深根深蒂固的推理模式.
结论:
- 人类的学习高度灵活,挑战了固定的核心知识的概念.
- 学习者可能会使用复杂的推理来解释事件,甚至在屏幕上.
- 这项研究为探索在现实场景中暂停核心原则的探索开辟了道路.
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