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CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Hallucinogens and Psychedelics01:27

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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
Marijuana, derived from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, contains...
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Blinding01:11

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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
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Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

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The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
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How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging
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功能性揭露的研究中的因果推理:迷幻药和超越

Gabriel Loewinger, Mats J Stensrud, Sandeep M Nayak

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences
    |December 19, 2025
    PubMed
    概括

    在心理健康试验中的功能性揭露,特别是与迷幻药,挑战结果的解释. 因果推断方法可以帮助将真正的治疗效应与因参与者知道他们的治疗而引起的安慰剂效应分离开来.

    科学领域:

    • 临床心理学 临床心理学
    • 心理药理学 心理药理学
    • 生物统计学 生物统计学

    背景情况:

    • 在临床试验中,功能性揭示,即参与者识别他们的治疗,是临床试验的一个重大挑战.
    • 这一问题在迷幻药物研究中尤其明显,因为这些物质具有明显的急性作用.
    • 关于观察到的结果是否源于治疗性质或安慰剂效应,存在不确定性.

    研究的目的:

    • 为理解功能性揭露提供一个反事实框架.
    • 突出现有的统计和实验设计在解决揭露的局限性.
    • 证明应用因果推理方法来隔离治疗效应.

    主要方法:

    • 开发了功能性揭露的反事实概念化.
    • 应用现代因果推断技术来解决治疗效应污染问题.
    • 分析了感知好处与期望之间的反机制.

    主要成果:

    • 现有的方法可能会掩盖或夸大由于揭露的治疗益处.
    • 在感知好处和参与者期望之间确定了反循环.
    • 演示了因果推理如何能够将治疗效应与揭露偏见隔离起来.

    结论:

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    • 功能性揭露在心理健康临床试验中是一个关键的挑战,特别是对于迷幻药.
    • 因果推断提供了一种强有力的方法,以减轻揭露对治疗效果估计的影响.
    • 这项工作激发了改善试验设计和统计方法的动机,以更准确地评估治疗结果.