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相关概念视频

Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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可预测性是否会调节句子优越性效应? 也许 - - 但不是一个人可能预测!

Stéphanie Massol1, Jonathan Mirault2, Stéphane Dufau3,4

  • 1Université Lumière Lyon 2, Laboratoire d'Étude Des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Lyon, France. stephanie.massol@univ-lyon2.fr.

Psychonomic bulletin & review
|December 19, 2025
PubMed
概括

句子优越性效应,即正确句子中的单词比杂乱句子中的单词更好地被识别,并没有受到单词可预测性的显著影响. 语法和语义因素,而不是可预测性,推动了这种效应.

关键词:
克洛兹的概率可以预测的可预测性.阅读 阅读 阅读 阅读句子优越性的效应.

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相关实验视频

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科学领域:

  • 认知心理学 认知心理学
  • 心理语言学 心理语言学
  • 计算语言学 计算语言学

背景情况:

  • 句子优越性效应 (SSE) 表明,在语法序列中,单词的识别比在非语法序列中更准确.
  • 在SSE上,单词可预测性在句子上下文中的作用仍然不完全理解.
  • 之前的研究表明,可预测性可能会影响单词识别,但它对SSE的具体影响需要进一步调查.

研究的目的:

  • 调查目标词的可预测性是否会调节句子优越性效应 (SSE).
  • 区分语法和可预测性对序列内单词识别的贡献.
  • 测试假设,可预测性,而不是语法和语义约束,可能是SSE的主要驱动因素.

主要方法:

  • 参与者在五个单词序列中的特定位置确定了目标单词,这些单词可以是语法或非语法.
  • 目标词的选择是基于高或低的封闭概率,通过封闭测试和大型语言模型 (LLM) 概率进行评估.
  • 进行了两项分析:一种是语法序列,另一种是检查语法性和可预测性之间的相互作用.

主要成果:

  • 该研究成功地复制了句子优越性效应,证实了语法对单词识别的影响.
  • 对于语法序列,观察到可预测性的小效应,但它与语法性没有相互作用.
  • 最重要的是,没有发现基于单词可预测性的SSE大小的显著调节,无论它是通过cloze概率还是LLM统计测量.

结论:

  • 这些发现表明,语法和语义约束是导致句子优越性效应的主要因素.
  • 根据传统方法或LLM概率测量的词语可预测性,不会显著调节SSE.
  • 这项研究提供了证据反对SSE的"猜测账户",这些账户认为可预测性起着中心作用.