概括
在2025年,在欧洲鸟类中检测到的高度致病性禽流感 (HPAI) A(H5) 病毒数量是前所未有的. 虽然人类感染仍然很少见,但动物中HPAI循环增加会增加人类暴露的风险.
科学领域:
- 兽医公共卫生 兽医公共卫生
- 流行病学 流行病学
- 动物传播疾病 动物传播疾病
背景情况:
- 在2025年9月至11月期间,在欧洲野生和家禽中观察到前所未有的高度致病性禽流感 (HPAI) A(H5) 病毒检测水平.
- 它们的数量和地理分布,特别是水鸟和常见的起重等野生鸟类,在这一时期显著增加.
研究的目的:
- 报告2025年底欧洲HPAI A(H5) 的流行病状况.
- 评估HPAI在动物中广泛传播对人类健康的影响.
- 在指定期间记录哺乳动物和人类的HPAI病例.
主要方法:
- 收集和分析了29个欧洲国家对鸟类和哺乳动物中HPAI A(H5) 病毒检测的监测数据.
- 从四个国家报告了人类禽流感病例,详细介绍了病毒亚型和潜在暴露途径.
- 对人类群体进行了风险评估,考虑了职业和一般公众的暴露.
主要成果:
- 在欧洲鸟类中发现了2896多个HPAI A(H5) 病例,其中野鸟占大多数 (2454).
- 在家禽中爆发的疫情往往是主要的,与与野生鸟类间接接触有关. 土耳其在比例上受到影响最大,接种疫苗的子也经历了疫情爆发.
- 全球报告了19例人类禽流感病例,包括2例死亡病例,所有A(H5) 人类病例报告禽类暴露. 在哺乳动物中检测到的HPAI也略有增加.
结论:
- 野生鸟类中HPAI的高流通率增加了人类暴露的风险,尽管人类感染仍然很罕见,没有记录的人与人之间的传播.
- 对于欧盟/欧洲经济区的普通公众来说,流传的禽类A(H5N1) 类2.3.4.4b病毒的风险很低,但对于暴露的个人来说,风险低至中等.
- 鉴于禽流感病毒在动物群体中循环的动态性质,持续监测和风险评估至关重要.
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