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相关概念视频

Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

7.5K
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
7.5K
First Law Of Thermodynamics: Problem-Solving01:21

First Law Of Thermodynamics: Problem-Solving

3.7K
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. This equation is a generalized form of energy conservation and can be applied to any thermodynamic process.
The following strategies can be used to solve any problem involving the first law of thermodynamics.
3.7K
Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

1.5K
Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
1.5K
Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

Second Law of Thermodynamics

67.3K
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
67.3K
Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

26.6K
In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
26.6K
Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

Path Between Thermodynamics States

3.9K
Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
3.9K

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相关实验视频

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

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非线性热力学计算失去了平衡.

Stephen Whitelam1, Corneel Casert2,3

  • 1Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. swhitelam@lbl.gov.

Nature communications
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
概括

本研究介绍了一台使用热波动进行非线性计算的热力学计算机. 这些热力学神经网络可以近似函数,甚至在失衡的情况下运行.

科学领域:

  • 物理 物理学 物理
  • 计算机科学 计算机科学
  • 热力学是一种热力学.

背景情况:

  • 经典的神经网络执行复杂的计算,但需要大量的能量.
  • 热力学计算提供了一个潜在的低能耗替代方案,传统上专注于平衡系统.

研究的目的:

  • 设计一种能够任意进行非线性计算的热力学计算机.
  • 探索热力学系统在平衡状态下运行的潜力,用于计算.
  • 开发热力学神经网络作为通用函数近似器.

主要方法:

  • 设计具有波动自由度的简单热力学电路.
  • 将这些电路限制在四极电位内,并将它们合到热浴中.
  • 模拟一个热力学神经网络的数字模型.
  • 使用遗传算法调整网络参数.

主要成果:

  • 热力学电路作为输入的非线性函数表现出活动,作为热力学神经元.
  • 网络电路形成热力学神经网络,能够实现通用函数近似.
  • 模拟表明在指定时间成功进行非线性计算,不管平衡状态如何.

结论:

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  • 热力学计算可以扩展到平衡条件之外.
  • 这种方法可以实现与经典神经网络类似的完全非线性计算.
  • 开发的热力学神经网络由热波动提供动力.