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在121个社会中,群内和群外亲社会主义的同时出现
Kasper Otten1,2
1Asylum and Migration Group, WODC Research and Data Centre, The Hague 2500 EH, The Netherlands.
概括
一般来说,人们对自己的内部群体和外部群体都是亲社会的,挑战了常见的假设. 这项研究揭示了在不同的社会和措施中,群内和群外亲社会性之间的积极联系.
科学领域:
- 行为科学和社会科学.
- 社会心理学 社会心理学
- 跨文化研究跨文化研究.
背景情况:
- 社会科学中一个普遍的假设是,个人表现出的亲社会行为主要是针对他们的内组,而不是外组.
- 现有的证据往往来自研究,迫使人们在内组和外组之间做出选择,可能掩盖了积极的关联.
- 这项研究研究了内部和外部决策是独立的场景,允许直接检查它们的关系.
研究的目的:
- 调查亲社会性与内集团和外集团之间的关系.
- 挑战一种普遍的前提,即亲社会性仅限于一个人的团队内.
- 提供对跨群体亲社会行为的乐观看法.
主要方法:
- 分析了六个大规模的跨社会数据集,其中包括来自121个社会的743,402名个人.
- 检查各种亲社会性措施,包括经济游戏 (囚犯困境,公共利益困境,独裁者游戏) 和调查项目 (信任,宽容).
- 研究个体为群内和群外互动做出单独决定的情况.
主要成果:
- 在群内和群外亲社会性之间发现了强有力的积极关系.
- 这种积极的关联在不同的社会,群体分类和各种亲社会性衡量标准中是一致的.
- 虽然个体对其成员群体有稍微更多的亲社会性,但显而易见的是,对双方都有亲社会性的倾向.
结论:
- 研究结果表明,当人们不被迫做出选择时,他们倾向于对自己的内组和外组都采取亲社会态度.
- 这挑战了亲社会倾向中固有的群体间冲突的概念.
- 结果为跨越群体界限的广泛亲社会主义的潜力提供了一个乐观的视角.
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