摄入碳水化合物对运动代谢和身体表现的影响
Timothy D Noakes1, Philip J Prins2, Alex Buga3
1Emeritus Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
Endocrine reviews
|January 21, 2026
概括
运动期间摄入碳水化合物可以防止运动引起的低血糖症 (EIH),这是疲劳的关键因素. 这种策略通过维持血糖水平来提高运动表现,而不仅仅是通过糖原补充.
科学领域:
- 运动生理学 运动生理学
- 运动营养 运动营养
- 代谢调节 代谢调节 代谢调节
背景情况:
- 从历史上看,运动期间的碳水化合物 (CHO) 摄入与性能改善有关,主要是通过预防低血糖和脑损伤.
- 随后的研究集中在肌肉糖原耗尽作为主要的疲劳原因,经常忽视运动引起的低血糖症 (EIH).
- 新出现的证据表明,EIH在运动疲劳中起着关键作用,挑战了既定的范式.
研究的目的:
- 综合审查一个多世纪以来关于碳水化合物摄入,运动代谢和运动表现的研究.
- 阐明碳水化合物摄入增强运动表现的主要机制.
- 重新评估EIH和糖原分解在运动终止和疲劳中的作用.
主要方法:
- 对160多项研究进行了系统审查和元分析,这些研究跨越了100多年.
- 对摄入碳水化合物,运动代谢和体力表现的数据进行分析.
- 在运动期间检查神经内分泌机制和代谢反应.
主要成果:
- 运动诱发的低血糖 (EIH) 与运动停止有很强的相关性,而单独肌肉糖原耗尽不会导致疲劳.
- 摄入碳水化合物可以通过减少肝脏糖原分解来保持血糖,但矛盾的是,可以增加肌肉糖原分解.
- 适应高脂肪运动员的表现与较低碳水化合物氧化率相比较,表明CHO并不总是强制性的.
- 摄入碳水化合物可以提高表现,即使在缺乏糖原的状态下,通过防止EIH,也可以提高表现.
结论:
- 在长时间运动 (>2-3小时) 期间摄入碳水化合物的首要好处是预防EIH.
- 这对于肝脏葡萄糖生成受损的个体来说尤其重要.
- 这些发现需要对体育营养指南进行修订,以确保最佳体育表现的CHO摄入时间和数量.
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