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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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阴茎内皮层内皮质病变

Hongzhi Xu1, Jasreman Dhillon

  • 1Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL.

Advances in anatomic pathology
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
概括

阴茎内皮质性病变包括阴茎状瘤和阴茎内皮质性瘤 (PeIN). 这些病变被分为与HPV相关的或与HPV独立的,具有独特的特征和相关的风险因素.

科学领域:

  • 泌尿器科 泌尿器科 泌尿器科 泌尿器科
  • 皮肤病理学 皮肤病理学
  • 在瘤学瘤学.

背景情况:

  • 阴茎内皮质病变包括非新生病 (例如,状腺) 和前新生病 (阴茎内皮质新生病 - PeIN).
  • 淋巴状瘤通常与低风险的人类乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 类型6和11有关,尽管高风险的HPV可以并存.
  • PeIN被分为与HPV相关的或与HPV独立的,与HPV相关的PeIN在西方地区更为常见.

研究的目的:

  • 为了提供关于阴茎内皮层病变的全面概述.
  • 根据形态和分子标记物来区分与HPV相关的和HPV独立的PeIN.
  • 讨论相关的疾病和罕见的阴茎病变,如乳外帕杰特病和阴茎黑色素瘤.

主要方法:

  • 阴茎内皮质瘤 (PeIN) 亚型的形态分类.
  • 对于p16和p53的免疫组织化学染色.
  • 高风险的人类乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 在位杂交 (ISH).
  • 在HPV独立的PeIN中对遗传改变 (TP53,PIK3CA,HRAS) 的审查.

主要成果:

  • 与HPV相关的PeIN亚型包括基质型,型,混合型,页状型,清细胞型和螺旋细胞型,通常为p16阳性和野生型p53.
关键词:
冠状腺瘤 冠状腺瘤 冠状腺瘤乳房外的帕杰特病 帕杰特病黑色素瘤在位的情况阴茎内皮内皮性瘤.

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  • 独立于HPV的PeIN在发生率较高的阴茎癌区域更为普遍,并且与状样硬化等因素有关.
  • 罕见的阴茎病变,如乳腺外巴杰特病和原发性阴茎黑色素瘤 in situ,也可能发生.

    • 结论:

    • 内皮质阴茎病变呈现出多种异位病理特征和病因学关联.
    • 准确的PeIN分类对于了解预后和指导管理至关重要.
    • 进一步分类差异化PeIN是一个不断发展的研究领域.