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相关概念视频

Osmoregulation in Fishes02:32

Osmoregulation in Fishes

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When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Couple01:29

Couple

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A couple is a pair of parallel forces equal in magnitude but in opposite directions. The forces are separated by a perpendicular distance, known as the couple's arm. The couple causes a rotation force or moment that rotates the body about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the forces. The resulting moment is referred to as the couple moment. The SI unit of a couple moment is the Newton-meter (N-m).
A typical example to understand this concept is tightening a bolt with a lug wrench. A...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems
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一个结合的框架来建模鱼类学校教育.

Xingyuan Mao1, Zhiqian Xin2, Xuewei Mao3

  • 1Department of Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 38 Yugu Road, Hangzhou 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, JAPAN.

Bioinspiration & biomimetics
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
概括

本研究介绍了一种计算框架,将自动运动粒子 (SPP) 和计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模型结合起来,以模拟鱼类的学校行为. 综合模型捕捉了新出现的行为和水力动力学相互作用,提高了鱼群动力学模拟的现实性和效率.

关键词:
集体动议是一项集体动议.深度强化学习的学习.鱼在游泳 鱼在游泳

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科学领域:

  • 计算生物学 计算生物学
  • 流体动力学 流体动力学
  • 动物行为 动物行为

背景情况:

  • 模拟集体动物行为,就像鱼类学校教育一样,需要将个体相互作用与环境动态相结合.
  • 现有模型在平衡计算效率与物理现实主义方面经常面临挑战.

研究的目的:

  • 开发和介绍一个松散合的模拟框架,用于鱼类的学校教育.
  • 将社会互动 (SPP模型) 与流体动力学 (CFD模型) 整合起来.
  • 为了研究鱼群中新出现的行为和水力动力学效应.

主要方法:

  • 用一种自行粒子 (SPP) 模型来研究鱼类的社会相互作用和运动规则.
  • 运用计算流体动力学 (CFD) 来模拟流体环境和鱼类水力动力学.
  • 使用预训练的深度强化学习模型生成鱼的波动动力学.
  • 结合SPP和CFD模型,允许CFD灵活地遵循SPP轨迹.

主要成果:

  • 差价合约的轨迹与SPP模型的轨迹非常接近,提供了现实主义和效率的平衡.
  • 观察到追尾鱼的突发行为,例如横滑,以保持稳定的运动.
  • 大型学校的模拟显示,由于有利的水力动力相互作用,随着更高的雷诺兹数,小组效率增加.

结论:

  • 松散合的SPP-CFD框架有效地模拟了鱼类学校,捕捉了复杂的相互作用和新出现的现象.
  • 该模型提供了一种灵活的方法来研究鱼类的集体行为,具有物理现实主义和计算效率.
  • 水力动力相互作用在大型鱼群的效率中起着重要作用.