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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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生物设计的无细胞系统

Mohd Tariq1, Nil Patil2, Mukul Jain2

  • 1Department of Academics, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

Progress in molecular biology and translational science
|January 25, 2026
PubMed
概括

无细胞系统 (CFS) 通过使细胞外的生物反应成为可能,彻底改变了合成生物学. 这些系统提供快速原型和多样化的应用,推动生物技术的创新.

关键词:
一个无细胞系统.基因电路的基因.代谢工程是代谢工程.原型制作 原型制作合成生物学 合成生物学

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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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Mechanical systems are analogous to to electrical networks where springs and masses play similar roles to inductors and capacitors, respectively. A viscous damper in mechanical systems functions similarly to a resistor in electrical networks, dissipating energy. The forces acting on a mass in such systems include an applied force in the direction of motion, counteracted by forces from the spring, a viscous damper, and the mass's acceleration. This interplay of forces is mathematically...
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