在长期COVID中,症状和免疫特征的长期性别差异
José Feliz1,2, Juliana Gonçalves1, Carolina Cabedo1
1Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
Biology of sex differences
|January 28, 2026
概括
长期COVID呈现出不同的性别特异性免疫特征和症状负担. 女性显示细胞毒性CD8+T细胞减少,而男性有炎症标志物升高,表明不同的长期COVID (LC) 途径.
科学领域:
- 免疫学 免疫学 免疫学
- 传染性疾病 传染性疾病
- 神经学 神经学
背景情况:
- 长期COVID (LC) 影响全球数百万人,女性经历了不成比例的症状负担,特别是神经认知和神经感官问题.
- 了解LC的长期临床过程,免疫失调和性别特异性因素仍然是一个关键的知识差距.
研究的目的:
- 调查长期COVID患者的症状负担,并发症和免疫特征的性别特异性差异.
- 探索年龄,疾病持续时间和LC女性症状严重程度之间的关系.
主要方法:
- 对34名患有长期LC的参与者 (感染后9个月至5年) 和26名无症状的SARS-CoV-2对照者的分析.
- 综合性评估包括临床评估,症状清单,并发症分析,工作能力和按性别分类的免疫概况 (流细胞计,细胞因子分析).
主要成果:
- 患有LC的女性报告了较高的症状负担,特别是疲劳和神经认知投诉,这与年龄和持续时间相关.
- 观察到性别特异性免疫差异:女性显示CD8+T细胞细胞毒性降低 (较低的NKG2D,granzyme K,perforin) 和增加sCD40L/sFAS;男性TNF-α升高.
- 超过50%的参与者经历了影响工作能力的功能障碍;伴随性疾病在女性中更为频繁.
结论:
- 长期的LC在症状表现和免疫反应方面表现出明显的性别特异.
- 女性细胞毒性CD8+T细胞功能的降低可能与病毒的持久性和神经症状有关;男性有不同的炎症途径.
- 这些发现强调了对长期COVID内型的性别和持续时间特定生物标志物和个性化治疗的需要.
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