通过稳定源同步在FPGA上评估TRNG位分布
Ryoichi Sato1, Mitsuki Fujiwara1, Yasuyuki Nogami1
1Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
概括
在环振荡器 (RO) 后添加两个或两个以上的延迟翻盘 (D-FF) 显著提高了基于RO的随机数生成器 (RNG) 产生的随机数序列的比特分布. 这种改进对于可靠的随机数生成至关重要.
科学领域:
- 硬件安全 硬件安全
- 随机数生成器 随机数生成器
- 数字电路设计数字电路设计
背景情况:
- 基于环振荡器 (RO) 的随机数生成器 (RNG) 中 XOR 门的不稳定的输入信号可能导致偏差的比特分布.
- 之前的研究强调了信号不稳定性对生成序列的随机性的影响.
研究的目的:
- 为了研究延迟翻页数量 (D-FFs) 与基于RO的RNG随机数序列的比特分布之间的相关性.
- 通过XOR网关分析通过XOR网关组合偏向和元稳定信号对整体比特分布的影响.
- 评估多DFF作为RNG中RO信号的同步电路的有效性.
主要方法:
- 模拟了通过XOR门组合具有不同分布 (包括元稳定状态) 的信号的影响.
- 提出并分析了多个D-FF作为RO信号的同步电路的使用.
- 估计了超稳定的输出条件,并对基于RO的RNG实现进行了NIST SP 800-22测试.
主要成果:
- 通过XOR门将信号与偏差分布相结合,会影响整体比特分布.
- 模拟了三态信号的包含,包括元稳定状态.
- 在RO信号后插入两个或两个以上的D-FF可以明显改善基于RO的RNG的比特分布.
结论:
- 多DFF作为有效的同步电路用于RNG应用中的RO信号.
- 在RO后的D-FF数量是实现均位分布的关键因素.
- 建议在环振荡器之后至少实施两个D-FF,以提高随机数发生器的性能.
相关概念视频
02:39Entropy
35.7K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
35.7K
01:18Entropy
3.6K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.6K
03:00Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction
24.2K
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
24.2K
02:05Entropy and Solvation
8.4K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
8.4K
01:22Entropy within the Cell
12.9K
A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
12.9K
01:20Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
4.9K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
4.9K