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相关概念视频

Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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The Extracellular Matrix01:29

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In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
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The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
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相关实验视频

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Isolation and Characterization of Cyanobacterial Extracellular Vesicles
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商用细胞外囊泡作为参考材料的方法间表征.

Sumeet Poudel1, Diane L Nelson1, James H Yen1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.

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概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

标准化细胞外囊泡 (EV) 表征是至关重要的. NIST评估了EV大小和度的多种分析方法,揭示了显著的变化,并强调了需要可重复的技术和参考材料的需要.

关键词:
电动汽车的特征描述细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 的产生.颗粒数度 (PNC) 颗粒数度颗粒大小分布 (PSD) 是指粒子的大小分布.参考材料是参考材料的参考材料.

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科学领域:

  • 生物技术是生物技术.
  • 纳米技术纳米技术
  • 分析化学 分析化学

背景情况:

  • 细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 是关键的生物标志物,但它们的表征缺乏标准化.
  • 美国国家标准与技术研究所 (NIST) 正在为电动汽车开发参考材料 (RMs).
  • 需要正角分析方法来准确测量EV的属性,例如大小和度.

研究的目的:

  • 用直角技术评估和比较来自不同细胞源的EV的粒子大小分布 (PSD) 和粒子数度 (PNC).
  • 为了评估EVs的蛋白质和微RNA (miRNA) 含量.
  • 识别跨测量平台的变化,并支持标准化EV RMs的开发.

主要方法:

  • 采用了包括冷电子显微镜 (Cryo-EM),粒子跟踪分析 (PTA),非对称流域流量分化 (AF) 和微流体电阻脉冲传感 (MRPS) 在内的正角技术.
  • 使用质谱法 (MS) 进行了蛋白质基因分析.
  • 使用小RNA测序 (RNA-seq) 分析了微RNA (miRNA) 含量.

主要成果:

  • 与 Cryo-EM 相比,所有测试方法都显示了PSD和PNC的差异,MRPS最接近,AF最差异化.
  • 在不同方法和细胞源中,PNC的定量差异达到了两个数量级.
  • 质谱测量确定了关键的EV蛋白质,而RNA-seq显示了实验室间显著的差异.

结论:

  • 在不同分析平台的EV表征中存在显著的变化.
  • 这些发现强调了对可重复的方法和对电动汽车的标准化参考材料的急需.
  • 为了在研究和临床应用中推进可靠的EV测量,NIST的持续努力至关重要.