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Surveys02:16

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It involves measuring distances, angles in horizontal or vertical directions, and levels to understand the shape and size of land features. Surveying techniques are essential for various tasks, such as identifying the levels of a land area with reference to a specific point, and mapping undulations and water bodies.There are two main types of surveying: plane surveys and geodetic surveys. Plane surveys assume the earth is flat,...
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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
The range, standard deviation, standard error, and variance are the different measures of variation.
Range: The range is the difference between its maximum and...
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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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列支敦士登修复和间外科医生变化:一本教科书评论和多中心外科医生调查

Jurij Gorjanc1, David C Chen2,3, Andrew Kingsnorth4

  • 1Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
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概括

对 inguinal hernias 的 Lichtenstein Repair (LR) 显示了实践中的显著差异,影响了结果. 标准化这种金标准手术技术对于减少复发和慢性疼痛至关重要.

关键词:
列支敦士登维修公司慢性疼痛是一种慢性疼痛.的复发再次发生手术标准化 标准化inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia inguinal hernia手术技巧的变化 手术技巧的变化

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科学领域:

  • 手术创新 在外科创新.
  • Hernia 修复技术 的修复技术
  • 医疗标准化 医疗标准化

背景情况:

  • 列支敦士登修复 (LR) 由于其简单性,可重复性和适合局部麻醉而成为 inguinal hernia 修复的全球黄金标准.
  • 全球采用LR导致了许多变化,对复发和慢性疼痛的影响尚不清楚.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究列支敦士登修复 (LR) 技术的变化.
  • 确定导致LR方法分歧的因素.
  • 评估修改对修复结果的影响.

主要方法:

  • 七本主要外科手术教科书的文献综述.
  • 在奥地利和斯洛文尼亚的19个医院中,向90名外科医生发放了17个问题调查.
  • 对外科医生对LR的关键步骤的反应进行分析.

主要成果:

  • 在教科书描述和LR的外科实践中存在显著的差异.
  • 超过50%的外科医生报告说,切割预先形成的网格,可能会损害 inguinal 覆盖.
  • 常规的患者随访往往缺乏后列支敦士登修复.

结论:

  • 现在"列支敦士登修复"一词广泛涵盖了各种各样的前面网格技术.
  • 坚持原始LR的基于证据的原则对于尽量减少复发和慢性疼痛至关重要.
  • 对LR技术的标准化对于研究和注册的准确和可比数据至关重要.