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相关概念视频

Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Current Density01:21

Current Density

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Eddy Currents01:25

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...
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Displacement Current01:19

Displacement Current

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Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.
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Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
Charge is an inherent property of the atomic particles that make up matter and is measured in units called coulombs (C). Matter is composed of atoms, each consisting of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge (-e), while protons...
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服超级细菌:对抗ESKAPE病原体的当前进展和挑战

Helal F Hetta1, Fatma R Khalaf2,3, Ahmed A Kotb4

  • 1Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.

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多药耐药 (MDR) ESKAPE病原体是一个越来越大的威胁. 本次审查强调了针对保存抗原和新型平台开发广泛疫苗的进展,以对抗这些感染.

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逃离病原体的可能在OMVs中,使用的是OMVs.发现抗原的发现.生物膜是一种生物膜.在mRNA疫苗的使用中.多种药物耐药性多种药物耐药性可持续性 可持续性 可持续性疫苗的目标是疫苗的目标.

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科学领域:

  • 微生物学 微生物学
  • 疫苗学 疫苗学 疫苗学
  • 传染性疾病 传染性疾病

背景情况:

  • 全球多药耐药 (MDR) ESKAPE病原体 (菌菌,黄金菌,肺炎菌,菌,菌,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterobacter物种) 的全球增长构成了医疗保健方面的重大挑战.
  • 这些病原体对多种类型的抗生素表现出耐药性,导致治疗失败,增加发病率,死亡率和医疗保健成本.
  • 现有的感染控制措施因抗菌素耐药性的威胁不断升级而受到压力.

研究的目的:

  • 审查针对MDR ESKAPE病原体的针对性疫苗研究的进展.
  • 确定有前途的疫苗点,包括保存的表面抗原,铁获取系统和生物膜相关蛋白质.
  • 探索新型疫苗平台,以开发下一代配方.

主要方法:

  • 高度保存的表面抗原和其他潜在点的基因组发现.
  • 针对广谱疫苗接种的表位体的计算预测.
  • 评估新型疫苗平台,如外膜囊泡 (OMV),mRNA技术和多表位构造.

主要成果:

  • 识别保存的抗原,铁获取系统和生物膜/定数感应蛋白作为有吸引力的疫苗点.
  • 已经出现了先进的疫苗平台 (OMV,mRNA,多表位) 准备快速转化.
  • 认识包括抗原变异和免疫逃避在内的持续挑战.

结论:

  • 开发针对MDR ESKAPE病原体的有效疫苗需要持续的跨学科研究和投资.
  • 应对免疫规避和确保强大的粘膜免疫力等挑战对于疫苗的成功至关重要.
  • 成功的疫苗对于减轻抗菌素耐药性的全球负担至关重要.