基准利率先值对决策和对健康衰老的信心的影响
Julia M Schorn1, Barbara J Knowlton1
1University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America.
Acta psychologica
|January 28, 2026
概括
年长的成年人从隐式学习的先验在感知决策中获益更多. 然而,明确呈现的先验导致老年人与年轻人相比的准确性较低.
科学领域:
- 认知神经科学 认知神经科学
- 人类衰老研究研究
- 决策科学 决策科学 决策科学
背景情况:
- 在不确定性下的感知决策依赖于贝叶斯推理,将先前的知识与感官证据整合起来.
- 衰老对贝叶斯推理过程的影响,特别是如何利用先前的知识,仍然不完全理解.
研究的目的:
- 为了比较年轻人和老年人之间的感知决策准确性和信心.
- 调查先前概率的显式与隐式学习如何影响不同年龄组的决策.
主要方法:
- 一个两种替代的强制选择任务,使用具有不同连贯性的动态玻璃图案.
- 两个条件:明确指导基率先行者和隐式学习先行者通过任务经验.
- 年轻的 (n=78) 和年长的 (n=56) 成年人之间的准确性和信心评级的比较.
主要成果:
- 明确的先验:年轻的成年人表现优于年长的成年人;两组都表现出更高的准确性与不平等的基准率.
- 隐含的先验:准确度没有显著的年龄差异;老年人从不平等的先验中获得更大的好处.
- 自信:两个年龄组对先前一致的决策更有信心;老年人对隐性条件的信心较低,尽管表现相似.
结论:
- 无论是年轻人还是老年人,都能够将先前的信息纳入感知决策中.
- 老年人可能特别受益于隐式学习的基准利率先验.
- 明确呈现的信息可能会对老年人的决策过程产生负面影响,可能是由于处理速度较慢或谨慎度增加.
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