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Muscles of the Shoulder
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Second Order systems II
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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First Order Systems
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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
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Second Order systems I
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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
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Thermodynamic Systems
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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The...
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Classification of Systems-I
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Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
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缓解移动支付系统的肩膀欺骗漏洞:一个安全框架.
Omar Alqahtani1, M R Dileep2,3, Mohamed Ghouse1
1Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
Scientific reports
|January 30, 2026
概括
肩膀伪造攻击威胁到移动支付. 一个新的注视威胁检测与上下文场景分析 (GATCSA) 系统使用摄像头来检测威胁并提醒用户,增强移动支付安全性.
科学领域:
- 计算机科学 计算机科学
- 网络安全 网络安全
- 人与计算机的交互
背景情况:
- 移动支付系统面临着安全风险,例如肩膀伪造,敏感数据被视觉拦截.
- 目前的安全措施 (PIN掩盖,屏幕调光) 对公共空间中的环境威胁不够.
研究的目的:
- 引入视觉威胁检测与上下文场景分析 (GATCSA),这是一个用于实时移动支付安全的新系统.
- 通过检测和应对视觉威胁来解决现有安全机制的局限性.
主要方法:
- 利用前置摄像头和设备上的计算机视觉来监控交易期间的环境.
- 实施一个风险评估模块,分析近距离,目光和焦点持续时间,以分类威胁.
- 在本地处理数据,以确保用户隐私和移动设备的高效运行.
主要成果:
- 在各种现实条件 (照明,人群密度,设备定向) 中识别威胁的准确性很高.
- 通过上下文警报和可操作的建议,展示了有效的用户响应.
- 验证了系统对未经授权的视觉访问进行保护的能力.
结论:
- 通过整合眼神跟踪和环境意识,GATCSA显著提升了移动支付的安全性.
- 该系统通过提供适应性保护来增强用户的信任和隐私,防止肩部伪造.
- 当地数据处理确保了资源有限的移动设备上的隐私和高效性能.

