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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy
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A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy

Published on: September 13, 2022

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超级迷你穿皮神经切除术 (smPCNL) 和体外冲击波化术 (Eswl) 在儿童1-2厘米结石中的比较:单中心回顾性受控研究

Mehmet Sevim1, Murat Demir2, Recep Eryılmaz2

  • 1Department Of Urology, Van Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Van 65000, Turkey.

Urology journal
|January 31, 2026
PubMed
概括

超级迷你穿皮腎石切開術 (smPCNL) 提供更高的石頭免費率,為1-2厘米的腎石,相較於外體衝擊波石 (ESWL). smPCNL可以减少重复手术和麻醉暴露的需要.

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Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high...
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
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Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
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Types of Building Stone01:30

Types of Building Stone

Building stones, essential materials for construction, are extracted from natural rock deposits and processed into specific forms and dimensions suitable for various building applications. These stones are broadly classified into three types based on their geological formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma or lava. An example is granite, known for its durability and resistance to weathering, making it ideal for parts of...
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Quarrying of Stone01:15

Quarrying of Stone

Quarrying is the process of extracting stone from a quarry, where specialized techniques are employed to remove large blocks of stone safely and efficiently. This process can involve controlled explosions or more precision-oriented methods such as cutting and drilling.
One common method involves using a diamond belt saw to cut large blocks from the quarry face. These blocks can be about 50 feet long and 12 feet high. After the initial vertical cut, drilling is performed at the base of the...
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Stone Masonry01:29

Stone Masonry

Stone masonry is a construction technique that uses individual stones to build structures and can be categorized into two main types: rubble and ashlar. Rubble masonry uses uneven, naturally shaped stones such as river rocks or fragments from quarries. This method often requires the mason to select and possibly shape each stone to fit the designated space, ensuring a proper build, even with irregular stone sizes and shapes. Ashlar masonry, on the other hand, employs uniformly cut stones that...
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