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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

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基于网络元分析的治疗建议:风险偏的决策者规则.

A E Ades1, Annabel L Davies1, David M Phillippo1

  • 1Population Health Sciences, Bristol University Medical School, Bristol, UK.

Research synthesis methods
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
概括

本研究介绍了损失调整预期值 (LaEV),用于在网络元分析 (NMA) 中推多种治疗方法. LaEV提供了一个有效的,对不确定性进行惩罚的排名系统,适合风险偏的决策者.

关键词:
品位等级 品位等级 品位等级在决策过程中做出决定.预期价值的预期价值是什么损失调整 - 损失的调整.网络元分析 网络元分析治疗排名 治疗排名

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科学领域:

  • 卫生经济学 卫生经济学
  • 决策分析 决策分析
  • 生物统计学 生物统计学

背景情况:

  • 网络元分析 (NMA) 通常会根据最高预期值 (EV) 推单一治疗.
  • 现有的方法可能无法充分解决决策者对风险的厌恶或不确定性.
  • 需要排名系统来惩罚不确定性,并确定临床相关的治疗选择.

研究的目的:

  • 在NMA中开发和评估多种治疗建议的新方法.
  • 引入和评估损失调整的预期价值 (LaEV) 作为风险避险决策标准.
  • 将LaEV与GRADE和基于概率的排名等现有方法进行比较.

主要方法:

  • 引入损失调整期望值 (LaEV) 和理想排名属性的定义.
  • 开发一个两阶段的推过程,包括最小临床重要差异 (MCID).
  • 使用风格化的例子进行比较分析和10个国家卫生和护理卓越研究所 (NICE) 的NMA.

主要成果:

  • 在不确定性条件下,LaEV可靠地产生有效的排名,并具有可取的属性.
  • 基于LaEV的建议比标准EV更为保守,建议减少治疗 (中位数减少2).
  • GRADE规则显示出异常,有时未能推最高EV/LaEV处理,并优先考虑不确定的选择.

结论:

  • 在理论上,LaEV提供了一个合理的,保守的和可实施的方法,用于NMA的风险避开决策.
  • 使用MCID的两阶段方法确保了临床上适当数量的推治疗.
  • 对于复杂的治疗比较,LaEV提供了一个优越的替代标准EV,GRADE和基于概率的排名.