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对电动和汽油汽车的生命周期评估,考虑到电网差异和中国的寒冷气候

Sining Ma¹, Zhijian He², Amir Hamzah Sharaai³

¹School of Energy and Constructional Engineering, Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou, Shandong, 253034, P.R. China. msncici1234@gmail.com.

Scientific reports

|February 2, 2026

概括

在中国,电池电动汽车 (BEV) 的温室气体排放量低于汽油汽车 (GV),但面临着土地利用和寒冷气候带来的挑战. 过渡到可再生能源是真正零排放运输的关键.

科学领域:

环境科学环境科学
运输工程运输工程
能源政策能源政策

背景情况:

生命周期评估 (LCA) 对于评估车辆的可持续性至关重要.
中国的能源网络和气候变化显著影响电动汽车 (EV) 的性能.
现有的LCA往往缺乏区域和季节性解决方案,特别是对于寒冷的气候.

研究的目的:

进行区域和季节性解决的LCA,比较中国的电池电动汽车 (BEV) 和汽油汽车 (GV).
整合区域电网组成的影响和寒冷气候对BEV可持续性的影响.
为在不同条件下的BEV性能提供一个现实的评估框架.

主要方法:

在SimaPro软件中使用了ReCiPe 2016终点和IPCC 2021 GWP100方法.
雇员 Ecoinvent 3.9.1 数据库用于全面的生命周期库存数据.
包含了中国的温度依赖的充电效率和区域电网数据.

主要成果:

每年,BEVs与GV相比,温室气体减少了25.3%,但其土地转型影响是其2.6倍.
在黑龙江等寒冷地区,冬季充电效率降至59%,季节性排放量增加至70%,温室气体优势降至14.2%.
增加可再生能源的透率显著减少了对人类健康的影响 (15%的DALY) 和资源枯竭 (91%).

结论:

在化石和生物发电排放方面,BEV总是优于GV,但受到土地转型和电网碳强度的限制.
寒冷的气候和煤炭重型电网减少了BEVs的环境效益.
实现零排放运输需要将电动汽车的采用与可再生能源的扩张以及改善寒冷天气电池性能相结合.

关键词:

寒冷的气候寒冷的气候寒冷的气候电动汽车电动汽车是什么环境影响环境影响环境影响生命周期评估生命周期评估区域能源组合的区域能源组合.

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