在出生时接种乙型肝炎疫苗:安全性,有效性和公共健康益处
Angela K Ulrich1, Derek F Fleming1, Emily A Smith1
1Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Pediatrics
|February 5, 2026
概括
B型肝炎疫苗的出生剂量是安全有效的,可以预防99%的儿科感染. 证据不支持推迟疫苗接种或使用抗体标位来指导婴儿疫苗接种计划.
科学领域:
- 免疫学 免疫学 免疫学
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 疫苗学 疫苗学 疫苗学
背景情况:
- 乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 感染对公众健康构成重大威胁,特别是围产期传播.
- 自1991年以来,婴儿在出生时接种HBV疫苗一直是美国预防策略的基石.
- 最近的建议建议可能改变HBV疫苗接种计划,包括延迟第一剂和考虑婴儿免疫标位.
研究的目的:
- 综合审查关于乙肝疫苗出生剂量与延迟第一剂量安全性,免疫性,疗效和有效性的证据.
- 评估婴儿免疫标位在指导疫苗接种决策中的潜在作用.
- 评估当前和潜在的修订HBV疫苗接种指南对公共卫生的影响.
主要方法:
- 进行了全面的文献审查,分析了流行病学研究,临床试验,系统审查和疫苗安全数据.
- 综合了HBV发病率的历史趋势和以前的免疫实践咨询委员会 (ACIP) 建议的影响.
- 关于出生剂量和延迟剂量HBV疫苗接种的安全性,免疫性,疗效和有效性的证据得到了批判性评估.
主要成果:
- 强有力的证据支持B型肝炎疫苗出生剂量的安全性和有效性.
- 没有证据表明,与出生剂量相比,延迟第一剂量提高了安全性或有效性.
- 没有证据支持使用疫苗接种后血清学 (抗体标位) 为婴儿的常规临床决策.
结论:
- 目前在出生时对婴儿进行的普遍乙型肝炎疫苗接种是一种高度有效的策略,该策略负责99%降低儿科HBV感染率.
- 没有证据支持改变目前针对婴儿的疫苗推.
- 改变已确定的HBV疫苗接种计划可能会产生潜在的负面健康后果.
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