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Design Example: Calculating Safe Diameter for Wind-Exposed Disc01:17

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Assessing safety in wind-exposed installations is crucial to preventing potential failures. This example explores the calculation and design adjustments needed to mount a circular disc on a building facade, where wind forces are a primary concern. A 4-meter diameter disc was initially designed as an aesthetic feature facing winds at a velocity of 25 meters per second, with an air density of 1.25 kilograms per cubic meter. Given these conditions, the drag force on the disc was determined using...
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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
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椎间盘退化 椎间盘退化

Bradley T Hammoor1,2,3, Christopher S Lai4,5,6, Grace X Xiong7

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. bhammoor@bidmc.harvard.edu.

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概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

椎间盘 (IVD) 退化是一种自然的衰老过程,涉及结构损伤和功能丧失. 虽然经常自我限制,但严重的病例可能需要手术,未来的疗法旨在再生.

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科学领域:

  • 生物医学工程 生物医学工程
  • 整形外科 整形外科 整形外科
  • 再生医学是一种再生医学.

背景情况:

  • 椎间盘 (IVD) 退化是一种常见的衰老过程.
  • 它涉及细胞核,纤维状环和软骨末端板的结构损伤.
  • 这种退化使脊柱易患病态状况.

研究的目的:

  • 描述椎间盘退化的过程.
  • 概述由磁盘退化引起的常见病理.
  • 讨论当前和未来的治疗策略.

主要方法:

  • 审查退化的IVD的结构和功能变化.
  • 常见的IVD病理的分类.
  • 目前治疗模式和新兴治疗方法的概述.

主要成果:

  • 退化涉及压缩的损失,降低原蛋白和矩阵损伤.
  • 常见的病理包括椎间盘,脊柱狭窄症和脊柱结节症.
  • 非手术治疗是标准的,用于耐火病例的手术.

结论:

  • IVD退化是一个复杂的过程,具有重要的功能后果.
  • 目前的治疗重点是症状管理和稳定.
  • 未来的研究旨在开发再生疗法,以预防或逆转退行.