将分散式机器学习和人工智能临床模型与本地和集中式替代方案进行比较:系统性审查
José Miguel Diniz1,2, Henrique Vasconcelos3,4, Rita Rb-Silva3,5
1RISE-Health, MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. jmdiniz.med@gmail.com.
NPJ digital medicine
|February 13, 2026
概括
医疗保健中的分散学习 (DL) 是有前途的,其表现优于本地学习,并提供隐私方面的好处. 虽然集中式学习 (CL) 在某些指标上表现出色,但DL为敏感数据应用提供了临床上可接受的替代方案.
科学领域:
- 人工智能在医学中的应用
- 机器学习用于医疗保健
- 医疗AI中的数据隐私
背景情况:
- 分散学习 (DL) 方法,如联合学习,正在成为医疗保健中传统集中式模式的新兴替代方案.
- 医疗保健应用程序面临着对数据隐私和监管合规性 (例如,GDPR,AI Act) 的需求日益增加.
研究的目的:
- 系统地审查和比较分散式学习 (DL) 模型与传统的集中式学习 (CL) 和医疗保健中的本地学习 (LL) 的表现.
- 评估DL在各种医疗领域的临床可行性和权衡.
主要方法:
- 来自八个数据库的160篇文章 (01/2012-03/2024) 的系统审查,分析了710个DL模型和8149个性能比较.
- 独立审查员对165,010项研究进行查,重点关注瘤学,COVID-19和神经诊断.
- 对DL,CL和LL指标的对比和临床值分析 (≥0.80性能).
主要成果:
- 集中式学习 (CL) 在依赖值的指标 (准确度,子得分) 中表现优势,而DL在排名指标 (AUROC) 中表现相似.
- 分散式学习 (DL) 在精度和准确性方面始终超过了本地学习 (LL).
- 在18%的案例中,CL改善了DL的可行性;当两者都可行时,DL提供了"优秀"与"可接受"的绩效增长.
结论:
- 分散学习 (DL) 为隐私受限制的医疗保健应用提供了临床上可接受的性能,平衡了与法规之间的边际权衡.
- DL显著提高了当地学习 (LL) 的可行性,提供了显著的绩效改进.
- 对隐私和绩效指标的标准化报告对未来医学领域的分散学习研究至关重要.
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