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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
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玻利的电子结构分析及其在小分子激活中的作用

Vikiho Wotsa1, Chinnappan Sivasankar1

  • 1Catalysis and Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University (A Central University) Puducherry 605014 India siva.che@pondiuni.ac.in.

RSC advances
|February 23, 2026
PubMed
概括

非金属主要组化学为过渡金属催化提供了一个可持续的替代方案. 这项研究揭示了烯复合物如何通过独特的电子相互作用激活小分子,为新型催化应用铺平了道路.

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ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
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