在精神病学中评估多个大型语言模型的诊断准确性和临床推理
medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences
|February 23, 2026
概括
评估用于精神病诊断的大型语言模型 (LLM) 需要评估推理质量,而不仅仅是准确性. 临床医生对LLM推理痕迹的评价与诊断正确性有很强的相关性,这突显了对以推理为重点的评估的需要.
科学领域:
- 人工智能在医学中的应用
- 临床决策支持系统 临床决策支持系统
- 精神病诊断 精神病诊断 精神病诊断
背景情况:
- 目前的大型语言模型 (LLM) 评估主要使用准确性基准,这些基准不充分评估诊断推理能力.
- 现有的研究往往分析后期解释,而不是不同的,临床医生可见的推理工件,为复杂的诊断领域如精神病学创造了一个翻译差距.
- 精神病诊断严重依赖于叙事解释,细微推理和管理不确定性,这些领域仅靠准确度指标是不够的.
研究的目的:
- 用临床医师策划的数据集评估精神病学中最先进的LLM的诊断准确性和临床推理质量.
- 调查临床医生评估的推理质量与诊断正确性之间的关联,将LLM绩效与精神病学住院医生进行比较.
- 确定推理质量是否为LLM性能提供了比单独的数据提取准确度更有意义的衡量标准.
主要方法:
- 四个LLM的混合方法评估使用了196个精神病学案例 (135篇发表,61篇小说).
- 通过多个指标 (top-1,top-5准确度,recall@5,MRR) 评估排名差异诊断的诊断准确度.
- 临床推理质量通过临床医生评估模型生成的推理痕迹和定性评论对30个片段进行评估.
主要成果:
- 临床医生评估的诊断推理质量与诊断正确性 (β = 1·80; p < 0·001) 有着强烈的关联,与数据提取质量不同.
- LLM的诊断准确度中等至高,顶级模型达到0.801的Top-5准确度和最高的推理分数.
- 在一个说明性的比较中,LLM诊断准确度与精神病学住院医生的诊断准确度相当.
结论:
- 临床医生评级的诊断推理质量捕捉了超出简单准确性的临床显著的LLM性能变化.
- 精神病学作为一个严格的测试床来评估在叙事密集的临床环境中LLM推理.
- 未来的LLM临床决策支持评估必须整合推理过程的结构性评估,而不仅仅是准确度指标.
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