自我报告的美国海洛因开始使用的历史趋势
Jonathan P Caulkins1, Bishu Giri1
1Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Addiction (Abingdon, England)
|February 24, 2026
概括
美国的海洛因开始在20世纪90年代末和2010年代初激增,越来越多的用户在此之前滥用处方阿片类药物. 这种从处方阿片类药物向海洛因下降的趋势始于政策限制阿片类药物处方之前.
科学领域:
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 流行病学 流行病学
- 药物滥用研究 药物滥用研究
背景情况:
- 非法阿片类药物对公共健康和安全构成重大挑战.
- 了解非法制造的阿片类药物使用的历史趋势至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 为了检查美国自报首次使用海洛因的趋势.
- 分析处方阿片类药物滥用和随着时间的推移开始使用海洛因之间的关系.
主要方法:
- 从美国国家药物使用和健康调查及其前身的大规模,一般人口调查数据的二次分析.
- 从1979年到2023年,包括38项调查中的1,708,720名参与者.
- 分析自我报告的首次使用海洛因年龄,开始时的年龄,以及处方止痛药滥用史.
主要成果:
- 1972年海洛因的使用达到顶峰,1978年至1994年稳定,然后在20世纪90年代末和2010年代初急剧上升.
- 在开始使用海洛因之前,滥用处方阿片类药物的比例大幅增加,到2010年达到80%.
- 在40岁以上的个人中,使用率大幅增加,到2020-2021年,占新用户的40%.
结论:
- 自我报告的2000年后的海洛因开始,在规模和特征上与早期时期显著不同.
- 从处方阿片类药物到海洛因的观察到的"下降"早于常见的阿片类药物处方限制.
- 调查结果表明,转向非法阿片类药物使用的转变可能不仅仅是旨在减少处方阿片类药物处方的政策的结果.
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