用二博和二格尔添加剂的二二二合甲:Ge-B交换以获得用添加剂扩展的乙

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.

Diels–Alder reactions between cyclic dienes locked in an s-cis configuration and dienophiles yield bridged bicyclic products.

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.