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Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Mutations

Mutations

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

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Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Site-Directed Mutagenesis for In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments Exemplified with RNA Interactions in Escherichia Coli

Site-Directed Mutagenesis for In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments Exemplified with RNA Interactions in Escherichia Coli

Published on: February 5, 2019

转录相关突变如何塑造tRNA微观进化?

Hector Baños¹, Ling Wang², Corinne Simonti²

¹Department of Mathematics, California State University, San Bernardino.

Genome biology and evolution

|March 5, 2026

概括

此摘要是机器生成的。

转移RNAs (tRNAs) 由于转录相关突变发生 (TAM) 而积累突变. 我们的研究表明,这些突变会影响Caenorhabditis elegans的tRNA适应性和进化,从而挑战现有的模型.

关键词:

马尔科夫替代模型的模型镜像进化镜像进化转录相关的突变发生.这是一个tRNARNA.

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Last Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Site-Directed Mutagenesis for In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments Exemplified with RNA Interactions in Escherichia Coli

Site-Directed Mutagenesis for In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments Exemplified with RNA Interactions in Escherichia Coli

Published on: February 5, 2019

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Published on: September 13, 2018

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

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Published on: February 3, 2023

科学领域:

分子生物学分子生物学
进化生物学进化生物学
遗传学遗传学是一个

背景情况:

转移RNAs (tRNAs) 是必不可少的,高度保存的基因,具有高的转录率.
tRNAs表现出高的转录相关突变发生 (TAM) 和强烈的净化选择.
TAM诱导的非均突变对tRNA适应性的影响尚不清楚.

研究的目的:

为了研究转录相关突变发生 (TAM) 如何影响tRNA分子适应性.
在短时间内分析tRNA的进化模式.
为了建模由TAM驱动的tRNA微演变.

主要方法:

在Caenorhabditis elegans菌株中对tRNA等位变异的分析.
开发一个连续的马尔科夫替代模型,结合TAM特定的突变偏差.
将TAM偏差模型与标准进化模型 (例如GTR) 的比较.

主要成果:

观察到的tRNA二次结构特征与预测的TAM偏差模式保持一致.
一个TAM偏差的替代模型比标准模型更好地适应C. elegans的tRNA数据.
自然种群中的tRNA含有破坏结构稳定的突变,并带来潜在的健康成本.

结论:

即使保留了二次结构,TAM也显著影响了tRNA的进化和适应性.
偏向于TAM的模型对于准确研究tRNA演变至关重要.
虽然tRNA突变可能被容忍,但可能会产生健康成本,影响基因型-表型关系.