针对抗原变异性传染病原体的疫苗设计,评估和社区使用
R M Anderson1, C A Donnelly, S Gupta
1Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford.
Lancet (London, England)
|November 26, 1997
概括
开发针对快速演变的病原体的疫苗是一项挑战. 新的框架有助于了解疫苗接种如何影响病原体种群和菌株多样性,这对于有效的公共卫生战略至关重要.
科学领域:
- 免疫学 免疫学 免疫学
- 流行病学 流行病学
- 人口遗传学 人口遗传学
背景情况:
- 抗原变异性传染病原体对疫苗设计和开发构成重大挑战.
- 由于疫苗接种导致的常见感染越来越罕见,使得不良影响更加明显.
- 群体免疫力是疫苗接种计划的关键考虑因素,平衡个人和社区需求.
研究的目的:
- 概述针对可变病原体的疫苗接种中的概念问题.
- 讨论了解疫苗接种对病原体种群的影响的新框架.
- 突出病原体种群遗传学和分子流行病学在疫苗开发中的重要性.
主要方法:
- 对疫苗设计挑战的概念分析.
- 讨论基于人口的免疫框架.
- 强调分子流行病学研究用于病原体监测.
主要成果:
- 接种疫苗可以改变病原体菌株的分布,数量和类型.
- 在疫苗设计中,保护的持续时间和有效性一样重要.
- 了解病原体种群遗传学是开发针对各种病原体的疫苗的关键.
结论:
- 有效的疫苗接种策略需要考虑病原体种群动态.
- 分子流行病学对于跟踪病原体进化和为疫苗开发提供信息至关重要.
- 对人口遗传学的进一步研究将有助于开发针对抗原性多样化的病原体的疫苗.
相关概念视频
01:51Vaccinations
Overview
01:26Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
01:23Vaccine Production
Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
01:21Vaccines
Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...