一个X结合基因与一个退化的Y结合同类在双胞胎植物
1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. dguttman@midway.uchicago.edu
Nature
|June 2, 1998
概括
研究人员确定了植物中第一个X链基因和同源的Y链基因,揭示了Silene latifolia的性染色体进化的早期阶段. 这一发现揭示了植物性染色体是如何分离的.
科学领域:
- 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
- 遗传学 是一个遗传学.
- 植物科学 植物科学
背景情况:
- 大多数开花植物都是雌雄性,拥有男性和女性的生殖器官.
- 双质物种,具有单独的性别,占植物物种的不到4%,并且经常使用染色体介导的性别确定.
- 植物性染色体的近期独立进化为研究早期进化阶段提供了一个独特的模型.
研究的目的:
- 识别和表征第一个X链基因及其在双胞胎植物Y染色体上的同源位点.
- 研究植物性染色体上发生的进化过程,包括退化.
- 提供关于开花植物性染色体进化的早期阶段的见解.
主要方法:
- 在双胞胎植物Silene latifolia中进行遗传分析.
- 鉴定了一种与X染色体相关的男性特异性蛋白质编码基因.
- 在Y染色体上对同类位点的表征,包括对变性发生的序列分析.
主要成果:
- 确定了植物中第一个X链基因,它编码了一种男性特异性蛋白质.
- 在Y染色体上发现了一种退化的同源基位,其特征是核酸删除和重复序列.
- 确立了活跃的X链接位与退化的Y链接位之间的共同祖先的证据.
结论:
- 这项研究确定了植物中第一个同源的与性别相关的基位,为早期的性别染色体进化提供了关键的见解.
- 在Silene latifolia中Y结合位点的退化说明了性染色体的进化轨迹.
- 这些发现支持了最近复制的进化事件导致植物性染色体的假设.
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相关概念视频
X-linked Traits
In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
Incomplete Dominance
Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
X and Y Chromosomes
Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
X-linked Traits
In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
Dosage Compensation
In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...
