Bacterial DNA as immune cell activator

Pattern recognition receptors of the innate and adaptive immune systems apparently recognize unmethylated CpG motifs of bacterial DNA. Cells of the innate immune system are activated directly by CpG motifs, and the resulting response dictates a Th1 bias to the developing adaptive immune response. Interestingly, antigen receptor occupancy of cells of the adaptive immune system augments their responsiveness to CpG motifs, suggesting that co-stimulatory mechanisms are operative.