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Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.
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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and In Vivo Sampling Techniques
09:01

The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and In Vivo Sampling Techniques

Published on: July 3, 2014

Bovine ephemeral fever: a review.

S Nandi1, B S Negi

  • 1Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Dist-Nainital, India.

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|March 2, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a significant viral disease affecting cattle and buffaloes, causing high morbidity and economic losses. Further research into its transmission, particularly vector involvement, is crucial for effective control strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Animal Health

Background:

  • Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a viral disease impacting cattle and buffaloes, with potential subclinical effects in other ruminants.
  • Epidemics primarily occur in subtropical and temperate zones of Africa, Asia, and Australia, but tropical regions are also affected.
  • The disease is characterized by low mortality but high morbidity, leading to substantial economic losses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of bovine ephemeral fever.
  • To highlight the economic impact and trade disruptions caused by the disease.
  • To emphasize the need for further research into transmission dynamics, including vector roles.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing information on bovine ephemeral fever.

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  • It covers epidemiological data, clinical signs, and economic consequences.
  • The role of known vectors (mosquitoes, Culicoides) and potential other vectors is discussed.

    • Main Results:

    • Bovine ephemeral fever causes significant production losses and disrupts trade.
    • Mosquitoes and Culicoides are implicated as key vectors in disease spread.
    • The disease's clinical presentation can be variable, and mortality rates are generally low.

    Conclusions:

    • Bovine ephemeral fever poses a considerable economic threat to livestock industries globally.
    • Understanding the complete vector profile is essential for effective disease management.
    • Continued research is vital to address unresolved questions regarding BEF and mitigate its impact.