Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs

Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...

Trachea

Trachea

The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of...

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Heart rate variability in hypertension caused by sleep disordered breathing and its modification by CPAP.

Bratislavske lekarske listy·2011

Same author

Workshop: tuning the 'cough center'.

Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics·2011

Same author

Semantics or pedantry?

The European respiratory journal·2010

Same author

The online Cough Clinic.

The European respiratory journal·2010

Same author

Distinct generators for aspiration and expiration reflexes: localization, mechanisms and effects.

Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society·2010

Same author

The expiration reflex from the trachea and bronchi.

The European respiratory journal·2007

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea

Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea

Published on: October 18, 2022

Drug uptake in the trachea.

¹Department of Physiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, U.K.

Journal of Aerosol Medicine : the Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine

|January 2, 1997

Summary

Drug absorption in airways depends on agent properties and blood flow. Epithelial barrier affects hydrophilic drugs, while lipophilic drugs cross easily. Increased blood flow surprisingly reduces drug uptake.

Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Drug Delivery
Respiratory Physiology

Background:

The airway epithelium presents a significant barrier to hydrophilic drug diffusion.
Lipophilic agents exhibit high epithelial permeability.
Mucosal blood flow influences drug absorption from the airway lumen.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the factors influencing drug diffusion and uptake in the airway mucosa.
To determine the impact of epithelial integrity and mucosal blood flow on drug absorption.

Main Methods:

Evaluated drug diffusion across the airway epithelium for hydrophilic and lipophilic agents.
Assessed the effect of epithelial destruction on drug permeability.
Manipulated mucosal blood flow using vasoactive drugs and altered arterial perfusion rates.

More Related Videos

Isolation and Quantitative Evaluation of Brush Cells from Mouse Tracheas

Isolation and Quantitative Evaluation of Brush Cells from Mouse Tracheas

Published on: June 12, 2019

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea

Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea

Published on: October 18, 2022

Isolation and Quantitative Evaluation of Brush Cells from Mouse Tracheas

Isolation and Quantitative Evaluation of Brush Cells from Mouse Tracheas

Published on: June 12, 2019

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2016

Measured drug uptake from the airway lumen into venous blood.

Main Results:

Epithelial destruction increased hydrophilic agent permeability but not lipophilic agents.
Increased mucosal blood flow led to decreased drug uptake from the lumen.
Decreased mucosal blood flow resulted in increased drug uptake.
Higher vascular pressure and flow increased interstitial fluid volume, creating a greater perfusion barrier.

Conclusions:

Airway drug absorption is modulated by both epithelial permeability and mucosal blood flow.
The inverse relationship between mucosal blood flow and drug uptake is likely due to increased interstitial volume and solvent drag.
Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing inhaled drug delivery strategies.