[Anaplastic cancers of the thyroid. Is healing possible?]

Thyroid anaplastic carcinoma is associated with a very poor prognosis. The goal of this study was to determine whether an aggressive treatment is worthwhile.

Of 22 thyroid anaplastic carcinomas confirmed with immunohistochemistry, 17 were judged eligible for surgery. Total thyroidectomy was planned in all patients. Frozen section of the lower lateral lymph nodes was routinely performed and in case of involvement (n = 9), a modified radical neck dissection was carried out. Fractionated radiotherapy was started within 5 weeks following surgery: 6,000 cGy was delivered on the thyroid area and all involved areas while 4,500 cGy was delivered on the lymph nodes of the neck and of the superior mediastinum when non involved.

The three patients without distant metastasis, with thyroid removal considered as complete, were still free of disease 10, 12 and 13 years later. One of these patients had been initially considered inoperable and was operated later when a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy obtained a decrease of the tumor. All other patients, 13 with incomplete removal and one with pulmonary metastasis died from their cancer; the median of the survival was 7 months.

When anaplastic carcinoma is suspected on clinical appearance, the diagnosis should be rapidly confirmed with percutaneous biopsy and immunohistochemistry. If a lymphoma is found, surgery is not indicated. Our results demonstrate that except for widely infiltrating tumors or distant metastasis, a complete removal of the tumor should be attempted as soon as possible. Surgery should be followed with hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Multimodal therapy may result in long-term survival. A patient free of disease at 5 years may be considered as definitively cured.