[Etiology, diagnosis and therapy of COPD]

COPD is a disorder characterized by chronic exspiratory airflow limitation in patients with chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. The obstruction is generally progressive, but may be partially reversible and may be accompanied by airway hyperreactivity. In this review we discuss the epidemiology, Pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches and therapeutic management in patients with COPD. Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor for the development and progression of COPD; environmental or occupational exposure to dust or fumes and genetic factors are further contributing factors. Therefore, smoking cessation is the most important therapeutic approach. Better knowledge of neutrophilic inflammation led to the development of new drugs for the treatment of COPD. The new long-acting inhaled beta 2-agonists fundamentally improved antiobstructive therapy. They are useful to control night-time or early morning symptoms. The role of steroids and theophylline is still unclear. Their value and efficient use are discussed.