[Immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors]

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have fundamentally transformed the treatment of numerous malignant diseases and are now part of standard therapy plans across many tumor entities. With their increasing use, physicians outside specialized oncology centres are more frequently confronted with immune-related adverse events. These adverse events result from enhanced immune activity and can, in principle, affect any organ system. The clinical presentation is often non-specific and ranges from mild symptoms to potentially life-threatening conditions. Moreover, immune-related adverse events may occur not only during treatment but also with a delayed onset after therapy has been disconti-nued. In clinical practice, the early recognition of immune-related adverse events represents a key challenge, particularly in general practice and internal medicine settings. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology, typical clinical manifestations, and important warning signs of immune-related adverse events. Its aim is to raise awareness of these complications and to promote timely referral for specialized evaluation.