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Related Concept Videos

Blood Pressure01:30

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure or force of blood exerted on the artery's walls as it circulates through the body. It is essential for maintaining blood flow throughout the body.
The average BP in an adult is typically around 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). In this measurement, the numerator (120) indicates the systolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart's ventricles as blood is expelled. The denominator (80) represents the diastolic...
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Blood Pressure01:24

Blood Pressure

The movement of blood in a human body, commonly referred to as blood flow, is determined by the volume of blood that traverses a certain section of the bodily system per unit time. It is the rhythmic contraction of the heart's ventricles that primarily instigates this movement. As the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the prominent arteries, which then flow from areas of greater pressure to lower pressure areas. This movement continues into smaller arteries and arterioles and...
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure01:17

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction while...
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
08:43

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Published on: May 31, 2016

Mineralocorticoid hypertension.

P M Stewart1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK. p.m.stewart@bham.ac.uk

Lancet (London, England)
|April 28, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Mineralocorticoid hypertension, a reversible cause of high blood pressure, includes primary aldosteronism and rare genetic disorders. Early screening in hypertensive patients with low potassium or family history is crucial.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Mineralocorticoid hypertension, characterized by high blood pressure, low potassium, and suppressed renin, is an underdiagnosed condition.
  • It represents a potentially reversible cause of hypertension, often mislabeled as essential hypertension.
  • Primary aldosteronism is the most frequent cause, but monogenic forms also exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of mineralocorticoid hypertension as a reversible cause of elevated blood pressure.
  • To discuss the diagnostic approaches for differentiating primary aldosteronism subtypes.
  • To emphasize the need for increased clinical suspicion and screening for mineralocorticoid hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnostic evaluation involves controlled posture studies to measure plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations.

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The Antihypertensive Effects and Mechanisms of Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction in Rats with H-Type Hypertension
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The Antihypertensive Effects and Mechanisms of Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction in Rats with H-Type Hypertension

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  • Adrenal imaging aids in distinguishing between aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia.
  • Genetic analysis is used for diagnosing monogenic forms like glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism, Liddle's syndrome, and apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

    • Main Results:

    • Controlled posture studies and imaging effectively differentiate between aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia in most primary aldosteronism cases.
    • Monogenic forms offer insights into mineralocorticoid hormone action.
    • A significant number of patients with mineralocorticoid hypertension present with normal serum potassium levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Mineralocorticoid hypertension, including primary aldosteronism and monogenic forms, requires a high index of suspicion in all hypertensive patients.
    • Screening is recommended for hypertensive individuals with hypokalemia, severe hypertension, or a family history of hypertension or stroke.
    • Early identification and management can lead to reversible blood pressure control.