Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions01:17

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions

A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs in the liver, facilitated by the cytochrome P450 system of hemoproteins situated in the lipophilic endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The metabolite generated through this process can have varying polarities. If it is sufficiently polar, it can be easily excreted in the urine due to its water compatibility. However, if the metabolite is nonpolar,...
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Oral 11β-HSD1 inhibitor AZD4017 improves wound healing and skin integrity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

European journal of endocrinology·2022
Same author

Acromegaly.

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians·2016
Same author

Tissue specific regulation of glucocorticoids in severe obesity and the response to significant weight loss following bariatric surgery (BARICORT).

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2015
Same author

Central hypoadrenalism.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2014
Same author

Expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the human hypothalamus.

Journal of neuroendocrinology·2013
Same author

Short- and long-term glucocorticoid treatment enhances insulin signalling in human subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Nutrition & diabetes·2012
Same journal

Bilateral macronodular and micronodular hyperplasia: Biochemical, radiological and genetic diagnosis.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

ACTH independent Cushing's syndrome: Diagnosis and etiology.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

Biochemical diagnosis of hypercortisolism: When and how?

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

New tools for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

Cardiometabolic comorbidities in overt Cushing's syndrome.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
Same journal

Molecular profile of Cushing's syndrome.

Vitamins and hormones·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:26

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: November 17, 2011

11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

P M Stewart1, Z S Krozowski

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, United Kingdom.

Vitamins and Hormones
|May 8, 1999
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) isozymes regulate corticosteroid activity. 11 beta-HSD1 activates glucocorticoids, while 11 beta-HSD2 protects mineralocorticoid receptors, with mutations causing hypertension.

More Related Videos

Benchtop Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography, Reconstitution and Assay of a Polyhistidine Tagged Metalloenzyme for the Undergraduate Laboratory
08:02

Benchtop Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography, Reconstitution and Assay of a Polyhistidine Tagged Metalloenzyme for the Undergraduate Laboratory

Published on: August 23, 2018

Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction
08:00

Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction

Published on: April 10, 2026

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:26

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: November 17, 2011

Benchtop Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography, Reconstitution and Assay of a Polyhistidine Tagged Metalloenzyme for the Undergraduate Laboratory
08:02

Benchtop Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography, Reconstitution and Assay of a Polyhistidine Tagged Metalloenzyme for the Undergraduate Laboratory

Published on: August 23, 2018

Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction
08:00

Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction

Published on: April 10, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian tissues possess two 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) isozymes, 11 beta-HSD1 and 11 beta-HSD2, which interconvert active corticosteroids and inactive metabolites.
  • These isozymes are distinct gene products with low homology (14%) and exhibit different physiological roles, regulatory mechanisms, and tissue distributions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the enzymology, molecular biology, distribution, regulation, and function of 11 beta-HSD isozymes.
  • To highlight the clinical implications of altered 11 beta-HSD expression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of enzymology and molecular biology studies.
  • Analysis of physiological roles and tissue distribution of 11 beta-HSD isozymes.
  • Examination of clinical consequences related to mutations and altered expression.

Main Results:

  • 11 beta-HSD2 acts as a dehydrogenase, protecting mineralocorticoid receptors and preventing glucocorticoid excess; mutations cause apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome and hypertension.
  • 11 beta-HSD1 primarily functions as a reductase in vivo, enhancing glucocorticoid action in target tissues like the liver and adipose tissue.
  • 11 beta-HSD has evolved from a peripheral metabolism enzyme to a critical pre-receptor signaling pathway.

Conclusions:

  • The distinct functions of 11 beta-HSD1 and 11 beta-HSD2 are crucial for regulating corticosteroid hormone action and maintaining physiological balance.
  • Dysregulation of 11 beta-HSD isozymes has significant clinical consequences, particularly in hypertension and metabolic disorders.
  • Understanding 11 beta-HSD isozymes offers insights into corticosteroid signaling and potential therapeutic targets.