The need for evaluation of the ultimate impact of continuing pharmaceutical education

Many governmental agencies and professional associations are using continuing education as the single, and relatively untested, means of ensuring that professionals maintain an acceptable level of knowledge and skills. The ultimate goal of continuing education in the health professions is improved professional performance leading to an improvement in the quality of health care provided. However, there is justifiable concern over the lack of a significant link between participation in continuing education activities and professional competence. This issue is explored and a conceptual framework for the evaluation of continuing pharmaceutical education is presented. The conceptual framework is an evaluation hierarchy which depicts the following four levels of a comprehensive evaluation process: participant satisfaction; changes in knowledge, attitudes, and skills; behavior change in practice setting; and improvement in patient care.