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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Identification of Rare Bacterial Pathogens by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS
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Streptococcus intestinalis Robinson et al. 1988 and Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al. 1984 are phenotypically

P Vandamme1, L A Devriese, F Haesebrouck

  • 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ghent, Belgium. Peter.Vandamme@rug.ac.be

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
|May 13, 1999
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Streptococcus intestinalis and Streptococcus alactolyticus strains show indistinguishable biochemical profiles and protein patterns. These findings indicate Streptococcus intestinalis is a junior synonym of Streptococcus alactolyticus.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacteriology
  • Taxonomy

Background:

  • The classification of bacterial species relies on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.
  • Distinguishing between closely related species like Streptococcus intestinalis and Streptococcus alactolyticus is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the taxonomic status of Streptococcus intestinalis and Streptococcus alactolyticus.
  • To determine if reported differences between these species are reproducible and significant.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of one-dimensional whole-cell protein electrophoresis patterns.
  • Assessment of various biochemical characteristics, including urease activity and haemolytic activity.
  • Investigation of Lancefield antigen presence.
  • DNA-DNA hybridization percentage analysis.

Main Results:

  • All studied strains of Streptococcus intestinalis and Streptococcus alactolyticus were indistinguishable based on whole-cell protein electrophoresis and biochemical profiling.
  • Reported differences in haemolytic activity and Lancefield antigen profiles were not consistently observed.
  • All strains exhibited alpha-haemolytic activity and produced urease.
  • DNA-DNA hybridization data supported the congruence observed in protein electrophoresis.

Conclusions:

  • The data strongly suggest that Streptococcus intestinalis is a junior synonym of Streptococcus alactolyticus.
  • The distinct species status for Streptococcus intestinalis is not supported by the current phenotypic and genotypic data.
  • This taxonomic revision impacts the understanding of these streptococcal species.