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Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner
A Araque1, V Parpura, R P Sanzgiri
1Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Dept of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Trends in Neurosciences
|May 14, 1999
Summary
Glial cells, once thought to be passive support cells, actively regulate neuronal activity. New evidence reveals glia release transmitters, modulating synaptic strength and neuronal function.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cell Biology
- Neurophysiology
Background:
- The classical view positions glial cells as subordinate to neurons, primarily providing a supportive environment.
- Emerging research challenges this perspective, indicating active roles for glia in neural function.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the active involvement of glial cells in neuronal activity and synaptic neurotransmission.
- To re-evaluate the role of glia within the context of synaptic communication.
Main Methods:
- Review of recent evidence on glial cell responses to neuronal activity.
- Analysis of calcium signaling in glia and its downstream effects.
- Examination of glial-derived chemical transmitters and their feedback mechanisms.
Main Results:
- Glial cells exhibit calcium (Ca2+) concentration elevations in response to neuronal activity.
- These calcium changes trigger the release of gliotransmitters.
- Glial-derived transmitters modulate neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity.
Conclusions:
- Glial cells are not merely supportive but are active participants in synaptic transmission.
- Perisynaptic Schwann cells and astrocytes function as integral components of the tripartite synapse.
- This revised understanding highlights glia's crucial role in regulating neural circuit function.