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Related Experiment Videos

Instructional set and physiological response to CO2 inhalation.

L A Welkowitz1, L Papp, J Martinez

  • 1Department of Psychology, Keene State College, NH 03435-2001, USA. lwelkowi@keene.edu

The American Journal of Psychiatry
|May 18, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive instructions did not alter panic rates during carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation in patients with panic disorder. However, reassurance reduced the sensation of breathlessness, suggesting CO2-induced panic is a strong biological response.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Previous research suggests patient instructions may influence responses to carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation.
  • The anxiogenic effects of CO2 are a key area of study in panic disorder research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different types of instructions affect panic rates and physiological responses to CO2 inhalation.
  • To determine if cognitive manipulations can mitigate CO2-induced anxiety symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-seven patients with panic disorder and 16 healthy controls inhaled CO2 under three conditions: reassurance, control dial, or basic instructions.
  • Panic rates were monitored, and perceived breathlessness was measured using the Borg Scale of Respiratory Exertion.

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Main Results:

  • Instructional manipulations did not significantly alter panic rates in patients with panic disorder.
  • The reassurance condition led to a significant decrease in perceived breathlessness.

Conclusions:

  • CO2-induced panic appears to be a robust biological phenomenon, largely independent of cognitive factors like reassurance or illusion of control.
  • Methodological rigor, including a large sample size and diverse measures, supports these findings.