Acceleration of the refolding of Arc repressor by nucleic acids and other polyanions

The refolding rate of the Arc repressor dimer can be accelerated 30-fold or more by negatively charged polymers including single-stranded and double-stranded DNA, RNA, and polyvinylsulfate but not by neutral or positively charged polymers. The salt-dependence of the polyanion-mediated process and mutant studies indicate that electrostatic interactions are important in the rate acceleration. Urea-dependence studies suggest that Arc is relatively unstructured in the transition state for polyanion-stimulated refolding. At low ionic strength, the observed kinetics of refolding are consistent with a model in which denatured Arc monomers bind rapidly and nonspecifically to the polyanion and complete folding in the bound state.