Bioavailability of fine dispersed platinum as emitted from automotive catalytic converters: a model study

Automobile exhaust catalytic converters emit fine dispersed elemental platinum, Pt (0), in the nanometer range coated on larger aluminium oxide carrier particles. A pre-requisite for a potential systemic toxic effect of the emitted platinum is its bioavailability which was investigated using laboratory animals. To this end, a model substance was synthesised which consisted of aluminium oxide particles < or = 5 microns onto which platinum particles > or = 4 nm were deposited by a calcination process. These particles closely resemble those emitted from automobile exhaust converters. This model substance was applied to female Lewis rats in two doses by intratracheal instillation; the animals were killed after 1, 7, 28 and 90 days. In addition, the model substance was also applied during a 90-day inhalation study. After microwave digestion of the tissues, the platinum was determined in all organs and body fluids by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). Platinum was found in the blood, urine and faeces and all important organs (liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, stomach, femur). Based on the platinum content determined in the body fluids and all organs (except the lung and the faeces) it was calculated that up to 16% of the platinum was retained in the lung 1 day after intratracheal instillation and up to 30% of the fine dispersed platinum deposited on an average during 90 days inhalation in the lung was bioavailable. Using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in combination with ICP/MS, it was shown that > or = 90% of the bioavailable platinum was bound to high molecular weight compounds (approximately 80-800 kDa), most likely proteins.