NF-kappaB controls cell growth and differentiation through transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1

Accumulating evidence implicates the transcription factor NF-kappaB as a positive mediator of cell growth, but the molecular mechanism(s) involved in this process remains largely unknown. Here we use both a skeletal muscle differentiation model and normal diploid fibroblasts to gain insight into how NF-kappaB regulates cell growth and differentiation. Results obtained with the C2C12 myoblast cell line demonstrate that NF-kappaB functions as an inhibitor of myogenic differentiation. Myoblasts generated to lack NF-kappaB activity displayed defects in cellular proliferation and cell cycle exit upon differentiation. An analysis of cell cycle markers revealed that NF-kappaB activates cyclin D1 expression, and the results showed that this regulatory pathway is one mechanism by which NF-kappaB inhibits myogenesis. NF-kappaB regulation of cyclin D1 occurs at the transcriptional level and is mediated by direct binding of NF-kappaB to multiple sites in the cyclin D1 promoter. Using diploid fibroblasts, we demonstrate that NF-kappaB is required to induce cyclin D1 expression and pRb hyperphosphorylation and promote G(1)-to-S progression. Consistent with results obtained with the C2C12 differentiation model, we show that NF-kappaB also promotes cell growth in embryonic fibroblasts, correlating with its regulation of cyclin D1. These data therefore identify cyclin D1 as an important transcriptional target of NF-kappaB and reveal a mechanism to explain how NF-kappaB is involved in the early phases of the cell cycle to regulate cell growth and differentiation.