Urban commuter exposure to particle matter and carbon monoxide inside an automobile

In-vehicle exposures to different sizes of particles and carbon monoxide (CO) were determined while driving along a standardized route under a variety of traffic conditions in Kuopio, Finland during the 12-month period from January to December 1995. Arithmetic means of in-vehicle exposures during the morning rush hours were 5.7 parts per million (ppm) (geometric mean, GM = 3.1 ppm, geometric standard deviation, GSD = 1.7) for CO, 107 #/cm3 (GM = 75 #/cm3, GSD = 1.9) for fine particles (optical equivalent particle size range 0.3-1 micron) and 0.9 #/cm3 (GM = 0.6 #/cm3, GSD = 2.1) for coarse particles (optical equivalent particle size range 1-10 microns). Fine particles and CO behaved similarly in different weather and traffic conditions, while the behavior of coarse particles was usually different, and often opposite. The driving conditions that affected the passengers' exposures to CO and fine particles were the time of day (morning vs. afternoon) and average speed (decreasing). The meteorological parameters that affected the passengers' exposures to CO and fine particles were wind speed (decreasing) and relative humidity (increasing). Wind speed, relative humidity and driving speed all had opposite effects on the exposure levels to fine vs. coarse particles. Added exposures (due to commuting on top of the background levels) to CO and fine particles were considerably higher in the morning vs. the afternoon runs and also higher in the slower vs. the faster runs.