Extrastriatal dopaminergic innervation of human basal ganglia

A tyrosine-hydroxylase immunohistochemical analysis of the brains of normal human individuals has revealed nigrostriatal axons providing collaterals that arborize in the pallidum and subthalamic nucleus. These thin and varicose collaterals emerge from thick and smooth axons that course backward along the main output pathways of the basal ganglia, including the ansa lenticularis, the lenticular fasciculus and Wilson's pencils. Many of these fibers run within pallidal medullary laminae before reaching the putamen, whereas others climb along the reticular thalamic nucleus to reach the caudate nucleus. This extrastriatal innervation, which allows nigral dopaminergic neurons to directly affect the pallidum and subthalamic nucleus, may play a crucial role in the functional organization of human basal ganglia, in both health and disease.